Humanities and Arts

Sets of often unique objects and items of different types collected usually to be exhibited. Collections normally include a collecting policy for new acquisitions, so only objects and items in certain categories and of a certain quality are accepted into the collection. Objects in a collection are normally catalogued, traditionally in a card index, but nowadays this is being replaced by computerized database also for physical collections. These type of RIs are particularly relevant for the humanities, which often deal with the study of unique artefacts, but they can be relevant for other domains, such as social sciences, life and environmental sciences PHYSICAL ▪ Museums ▪ Galleries ▪ Analogue audio/visual/multimedia collections ▪ Archaeology, Anthropology and Ethnology Collections ▪ Arts & Art History Collections ▪ Music and Instrument Collections ▪ Datasets (e.g. analogue audio/visual/multimedia datasets) DIGITAL ▪ Archaeology, Anthropology and Ethnology Collections ▪ Arts & Art History Collections ▪ Digitised Manuscript Collections ▪ Music and Instrument Collections ▪ Virtual museums ▪ Virtual galleries ▪ Datasets

Locations for storage of often unique objects and items of different nature, in general for preservation purposes. Repositories not only have the function to store objects and items but they also guarantee access for future retrieval and study. This type of RI in its general definition is relevant to all scientific domains (for instance as far as physical or virtual facility for the deposit of academic publications such as academic journal articles are concerned); however, some humanities disciplines strongly rely on specific repositories for its analysis. PHYSICAL ▪ Analogue audio/visual/multimedia repositories ▪ Archaeology, Anthropology and Ethnology Repositories ▪ Arts & Art History Repositories DIGITAL ▪ Data repositories (e.g. digital library) ▪ Archaeology, Anthropology and Ethnology Repositories ▪ Arts & Art History Repositories ▪ Digitised Manuscript Repositories

Structured sets of data for one or more purposes, usually in digital form. The term database applies to the data and their supporting data structures. The utilisation of databases is spread across all scientific disciplines. Databases are therefore RIs relevant to all scientific domains. Databases in the form of structured meta-data as well as analytical data organised usually within a relational model have been extensively developed as RIs in the Humanities with increasing uptake in all its disciplines. ▪ Archaeology, Anthropology and Ethnology Databases ▪ Arts & Art History Databases ▪ History Databases ▪ Digitised Manuscript Databases

Explicit formalisations that map a concept to its intended semantics. Conceptual models are adopted in every research domain (e.g. economic models, mathematical models). In the humanities, however, some conceptual models have developed into RIs indispensable to structure a certain knowledge domain, such as is the case for thesauri and taxonomies (also very much used in life sciences) which have a long tradition in supporting analytical efforts especially in linguistics. Increasingly, digital models built around conceptual ontologies and networks are being developed for modelling specific research domain or for cross-referencing purposes in the Humanities.

Accounting normally for organised sets of unpublished and almost always unique historical records, or the physical place they are located, archives contain primary source documents (texts, maps, pictures etc.) in physical but also increasingly digital form (e.g. text archives structured in databases) that have accumulated over the course of an individual or organisation's lifetime. In general, archives consist of records that have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation on grounds of their enduring cultural, historical, or evidentiary value. Archives are thus particularly relevant to the Humanities, chiefly to historians but also to many other Humanities researchers dealing with primary sources of various kinds. A scientific discipline called archival science, dedicated to the study and practice of organising, preserving, and providing access to information and materials in archives, has established itself within the Humanities. ◦ History Archives ◦ Literature and Text Archives

Traditionally, large collections of books, or the place in which the collection is housed. However, the term library has extended its meaning to refer to any collection, including digital sources, resources, and services. The collections can be of print, audio, and visual materials in numerous formats, including maps, prints, documents, microform (microfilm/microfiche), CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs, video games, e-books, audiobooks and many other electronic resources. A research library is a collection of useful material for research use. A library is organised for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, a corporation, or a private individual. In addition to providing materials, libraries also provide the services of librarians who are experts at finding and organising information and at interpreting information needs. Modern libraries are increasingly being redefined as places to get unrestricted access to information in many formats and from many sources. They are extending services beyond the physical walls of a building, by providing material accessible by electronic means, and by providing the assistance of librarians in navigating and analysing tremendous amounts of information with a variety of digital tools. Libraries are valuable to all scientific domains; however, they are of specific relevance to Humanities research which relies on access to historical and rare collections of unique artefacts (e.g. primary sources such as ancient manuscripts) and other sources to study those artefacts and works (secondary and tertiary sources) usually held within libraries and otherwise hardly accessible. A scientific discipline called library and information science, an interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary field dedicated to the analysis, collection, organisation, classification, manipulation, preservation, retrieval and dissemination of information resources, has established itself at the crossroads between social sciences, humanities and computer sciences. Historically, library science has also included archival science

Large-scale systematic lists of books and other works such as journal articles, reference and access resources. They can be physical publications (i.e. bound volumes) or digital (indexes and catalogues usually in the form of databases). They can be generally divided into enumerative bibliography, which results in an overview of publications in a particular category, and analytical, or critical, bibliography, which studies the production of research material (in the form of books as well as other formats, including recordings, motion pictures, videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites). As a bibliography can be produced in any field, it could be considered a transversal category; however it is Humanities research especially that has traditionally relied on such tools to systematise its fields of enquiry – spanning centuries of relevant publications for many humanities disciplines – and circumscribe its research domain.